About the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel was recreated in the 1920s from the toy spaniels in seventeenth-century paintings, after a breeder offered prizes at Crufts for dogs resembling the older, longer-nosed type. The entire modern breed descends from six dogs, which is the single most important fact about its health.
That founding bottleneck shows up as two conditions this breed is defined by. A heart murmur, usually the first sign of mitral valve disease, was heard in 30.9% of Cavaliers in a study of UK clinical records, and it appears earlier here than in any other breed: cardiologists describe murmurs in dogs at ages when most breeds have none. Syringomyelia, where the skull is too small for the brain, is the other, and it is painful and progressive. Breeding schemes for both exist and are worth asking about.
A measured median lifespan of 11.8 years is slightly below the 12.5 years for dogs generally, which understates the picture: the cause of death in this breed is disproportionately cardiac. Lifetime cost is about $36,847, and the cardiac medication that many Cavaliers end up on is a recurring cost rather than a one-off.
How long Cavalier King Charles Spaniels actually live
The measured median age at death is 11.8 years, from 13,782 dogs of this breed. Breed standards usually quote 9 to 14 years, which describes the standard rather than what was recorded. 11
Every cost figure on this page is calculated across 11.8 years, so lifespan is the most load-bearing number here. It was measured in a UK population, and the American comparison sits below.
US life expectancy at birth for small purebred dogs was 13.53 years, from 13.3 million dogs at Banfield hospitals. That study grouped dogs by adult body size and states that differences between breeds within a size group were not captured, so this is not a US figure for cavalier king charles spaniels specifically. It is the American number for dogs of this size, set beside the British number for this breed.
11.8 years, measured
Not a breed-standard range. This is the median age at death recorded across 13,782 Cavalier King Charles Spaniels in the largest study of canine longevity yet published.
Long enough that the routine costs, not the dramatic ones, make up most of what you will spend.
Bone cancer. No case of osteosarcoma was recorded in any Cavalier King Charles Spaniel among 905,552 UK dogs studied across a year. That is not proof the breed cannot get it, and a single year is a short window for a disease diagnosed at a median age of 9.64 years. It does mean the breed is not among those the study could measure risk in. 16
Airway. A study of 453,548 insured Swedish dogs across 327 breeds found this breed at significantly raised risk of upper respiratory disease. The study reports incidence per dog-year rather than a prevalence, so it does not appear as a percentage above. Its authors note that owners and vets often accept the signs of airway obstruction until they are severe, so the true rate is higher than recorded. 16
Swedish insurance records are a separate population from the British clinical records and American owner reports elsewhere on this page. A claims threshold means minor problems never appear at all.
How often owners report nothing wrong at all
24.12% of 170 cavalier king charles spaniels in a US survey of 27,541 dogs had no medical condition reported by their owner at all. The purebred average was 22.3% and the mixed-breed average 20.7%. The range across the 25 breeds studied ran from 34.81% down to 8.81%.5
This is the mirror image of everything else on this page, and worth reading alongside it. Owner surveys miss things a vet would catch, so treat it as how often a problem was noticed rather than how often one existed.
Food, grooming and boarding are no longer typed in per breed. Food comes from the veterinary Resting Energy Requirement for a 13 to 18 pound dog, priced at 2026 US kibble rates with a 20% allowance for treats.15 Grooming assumes a long coat on a small dog at national average prices. Boarding assumes eight nights a year, which is the most assumption-heavy figure here and will be wrong for anyone who travels a lot or never travels at all.
Figures on this page were last checked against their sources on August 16, 2026. Every one carries its study and the population it was measured in. How we calculate.
Health problems and what they cost
Every price here is American. Health figures lead with a US study wherever one exists, with British research alongside it, because several of the largest disorder studies in veterinary medicine are UK work and no US equivalent has been published. Where both appear, the American figure comes first. Why American data is so scarce.
Each row shows the figure exactly as the study measured it. We do not convert one kind of measurement into another, because a screening result, an owner survey and a clinical record answer different questions.
- Clinical records One-year prevalence in veterinary records for this breed. The strongest evidence available.
- Owner reported Prevalence among living surveyed dogs at one point in time. Undercounts what owners do not notice, and is not lifetime risk.
- Lifetime, owner reported The share of owners who report the dog has ever had it. Counts everything across a life, so it runs higher than a one-year rate and is not comparable with one.
- Followed cohort A group of dogs enrolled young and followed for life, with diagnoses confirmed by a vet. Cumulative and still accruing, so surviving dogs remain at risk and the figure is a floor.
- Screened dogs The share of dogs submitted to the OFA registry that evaluated abnormal. Submission is voluntary and skewed toward good stock, and a radiographic finding is not the same as needing treatment.
- All dogs Measured across the whole dog population, not this breed. Context only.
Health data from 8 peer-reviewed sources. Prices from 2 US sources. Full list below.
Organ-system context. These are broad categories that already contain the specific conditions below. They are shown for scale and added to no total, because that would count the same disease twice.
- Skin disease36%
- Musculoskeletal disease15%
- Digestive disease11%
- Dental disease10%
Heart murmur
Pyometra
48% of intact female Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were diagnosed with pyometra by ten years of age, from 891 cases among 5,527 insured dogs. This affects females only, and spaying prevents pyometra entirely. No treatment-cost source matches this condition, so it is not priced.
Extracted teeth
No treatment-cost source matches this condition, so it is not priced.
Periodontal disease
Diagnosed in 27.3% of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels in the largest study of periodontal disease ever run in dogs, covering 2.8 million US dogs over five years. Diagnosis was by visual assessment of conscious dogs, so the true rate is higher. No treatment-cost source matches this condition, so it is not priced.
Dental calculus
No treatment-cost source matches this condition, so it is not priced.
Degenerative myelopathy
Progressive spinal cord disease. The OFA figure is a DNA test result, so 'affected' means two copies of the risk variant, not that the dog will certainly develop signs. 23.3% of 871 evaluated Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were graded abnormal. Dogs are submitted voluntarily, mostly by breeders screening good stock, so the true rate in the breed is higher. There is no surgery and no cure for degenerative myelopathy. Costs are supportive: rehabilitation, mobility carts and nursing care, which vary enormously by how long an owner continues them. We do not put a figure on it rather than pricing a procedure that does not exist.
Hip dysplasia
Radiographic hip evaluation. OFA grades submitted films; the figure below is the share graded dysplastic. 16.2% of 13,083 evaluated Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were graded abnormal. Dogs are submitted voluntarily, mostly by breeders screening good stock, so the true rate in the breed is higher. Priced as a femoral head ostectomy, the usual choice for a dog this size. Femoral head ostectomy. Removes the femoral head and lets a false joint form. Usual choice for dogs under roughly 50 lb. Not every dysplastic dog needs surgery, and both hips roughly doubles it.
Mammary tumor
15% of intact female Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were diagnosed with mammary tumors by ten years of age, from 218 cases among 5,527 insured dogs. This affects females only, and spaying substantially reduces mammary tumor risk. No treatment-cost source matches this condition, so it is not priced.
Deafness
No treatment-cost source matches this condition, so it is not priced.
Ear infection (otitis externa)
Anal sac impaction
No treatment-cost source matches this condition, so it is not priced.
Mitral valve disease
Reported in 7.15% of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels in a survey of 43,005 UK dogs across 192 breeds (95% CI 5.85 to 8.72%). Owner-reported, so it understates conditions owners do not recognize.
Hearing loss (incompletely deaf)
No treatment-cost source matches this condition, so it is not priced.
Seasonal allergies
No treatment-cost source matches this condition, so it is not priced.
Chocolate toxicity
Chocolate poisoning, which the Dog Aging Project records simply as 'chocolate' in its condition list. It is one of the most common toxicities in dogs and is an accident rather than an inherited risk, so this figure says more about how many households keep chocolate within reach than about the breed. No treatment-cost source matches this condition, so it is not priced.
Gingivitis
No treatment-cost source matches this condition, so it is not priced.
Umbilical hernia
Reported in 6.11% of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels in a survey of 43,005 UK dogs across 192 breeds (95% CI 4.91 to 7.58%). Owner-reported, so it understates conditions owners do not recognize.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS Dry Eye)
Reported in 4.1% of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels in a survey of 43,005 UK dogs across 192 breeds (95% CI 3.13 to 5.35%). Owner-reported, so it understates conditions owners do not recognize.
Patellar luxation
Reported in 3.14% of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels in a survey of 43,005 UK dogs across 192 breeds (95% CI 2.3 to 4.26%). Owner-reported, so it understates conditions owners do not recognize. Per knee. A grade I in a small dog can be under $2,000; a grade IV in a large breed with both knees affected can exceed $6,000.
Anal sac impaction
Reported in 2.73% of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels in a survey of 43,005 UK dogs across 192 breeds (95% CI 1.96 to 3.79%). Owner-reported, so it understates conditions owners do not recognize.
Arthritis
Reported in 2.57% of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels in a survey of 43,005 UK dogs across 192 breeds (95% CI 1.83 to 3.61%). Owner-reported, so it understates conditions owners do not recognize.
Elbow dysplasia
Often bilateral, which doubles the surgical cost. 1.6% of 1,898 evaluated Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were graded abnormal. Dogs are submitted voluntarily, mostly by breeders screening good stock, so the true rate in the breed is higher. Arthroscopic treatment of elbow dysplasia. Often bilateral, which roughly doubles it.
Congenital heart disease
Screening for heart defects present from birth. 1.6% of 18,287 evaluated Cavalier King Charles Spaniels were graded abnormal. Dogs are submitted voluntarily, mostly by breeders screening good stock, so the true rate in the breed is higher.
Syringomyelia
Widely reported in the breed but not captured in the VetCompass specific-disorder list. Contributes nothing to totals until sourced.
What you will actually pay
$36,847Across 11.8 years. About $2,708 a year after the first, which carries the purchase price and setup.
80% of that comes from measured prices. The rest is the puppy and retail assumptions you can adjust.
Where the money goes
The cost of owning the dog, year by year. Health spending is not included here: it is uncertain by nature and is set out separately above.
What makes up the total
- Puppy and setup$4,024
- Routine care$32,823
What to ask the breeder
Ask this breeder for certificates on degenerative myelopathy (23% of screened dogs abnormal), hip dysplasia (16% of screened dogs abnormal). Those are the screenings where Cavalier King Charles Spaniels score worst in the OFA registry, so they are the ones worth seeing paperwork for. A breeder who has done the testing will produce it without being pushed; one who has not will talk about how healthy their line is instead.
Where you live changes the number
Veterinary prices vary by more than half across the country. Everything above is a national average. Pick your state to see what it means for you.
What a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel costs where you live
Average dog vet visit, $57 in West Virginia to $127 in Hawaii. Tap a state.
See all 51 in a table
| State | Avg visit | vs national | Lifetime here |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hawaii | $127 | +81% | $50,601 |
| Massachusetts | $99 | +41% | $43,826 |
| District of Columbia | $97 | +38% | $43,342 |
| California | $94 | +34% | $42,616 |
| Alaska | $84 | +20% | $40,197 |
| New York | $83 | +18% | $39,955 |
| Maryland | $79 | +13% | $38,987 |
| Vermont | $78 | +11% | $38,745 |
| New Jersey | $77 | +10% | $38,503 |
| Washington | $77 | +10% | $38,503 |
| Connecticut | $76 | +8% | $38,261 |
| New Hampshire | $76 | +8% | $38,261 |
| Rhode Island | $76 | +8% | $38,261 |
| Oregon | $75 | +7% | $38,019 |
| Maine | $74 | +5% | $37,777 |
| Arizona | $73 | +4% | $37,535 |
| Colorado | $72 | +3% | $37,293 |
| Florida | $70 | 0% | $36,809 |
| Montana | $70 | 0% | $36,809 |
| Utah | $70 | 0% | $36,809 |
| Delaware | $69 | -2% | $36,567 |
| Idaho | $69 | -2% | $36,567 |
| Nevada | $69 | -2% | $36,567 |
| Virginia | $69 | -2% | $36,567 |
| North Carolina | $66 | -6% | $35,841 |
| South Carolina | $66 | -6% | $35,841 |
| Wisconsin | $66 | -6% | $35,841 |
| Wyoming | $65 | -7% | $35,599 |
| Illinois | $64 | -9% | $35,358 |
| Minnesota | $64 | -9% | $35,358 |
| Nebraska | $64 | -9% | $35,358 |
| Ohio | $64 | -9% | $35,358 |
| Pennsylvania | $64 | -9% | $35,358 |
| Kentucky | $63 | -10% | $35,116 |
| Louisiana | $63 | -10% | $35,116 |
| New Mexico | $63 | -10% | $35,116 |
| South Dakota | $63 | -10% | $35,116 |
| Texas | $63 | -10% | $35,116 |
| Georgia | $62 | -12% | $34,874 |
| Indiana | $62 | -12% | $34,874 |
| North Dakota | $62 | -12% | $34,874 |
| Tennessee | $62 | -12% | $34,874 |
| Iowa | $61 | -13% | $34,632 |
| Michigan | $61 | -13% | $34,632 |
| Missouri | $60 | -14% | $34,390 |
| Alabama | $59 | -16% | $34,148 |
| Arkansas | $58 | -17% | $33,906 |
| Kansas | $58 | -17% | $33,906 |
| Oklahoma | $58 | -17% | $33,906 |
| Mississippi | $57 | -19% | $33,664 |
| West Virginia | $57 | -19% | $33,664 |
Source: 2025-2026 Synchrony Average Procedural Cost Study, ASQ360 Market Research, all 50 states and DC. We apply each state's index only to the veterinary share of the total. Food, grooming, boarding and the puppy price stay at the national figure, because a state's vet pricing says nothing about what a breeder or a bag of kibble costs there.
The number most owners get wrong
$598is what dog owners actually spend on veterinary care in a year, measured by the AVMA. Following the recommended schedule costs $1,301.
The gap is care that does not happen. Only 14% of dogs receive dental care at a vet's office, and 80% have periodontal disease by age three.
What veterinary care actually costs
Two measured figures that disagree, and the gap is the point.
The $703 gap is care that does not happen. We show the higher figure in the total for this breed, because it is what the recommended schedule costs. If you expect to spend closer to the average, the real total for a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is nearer $27,683.
Where the gap comes from
This is not owners being careless. It is the single largest difference between what veterinary medicine recommends and what actually happens, and dental care is most of it.
- 14%of dogs receive dental care at a veterinary office, in an AVMA owner survey, against a guideline of a cleaning under anaesthesia every year for small breeds and every one to two years for larger ones.
- Two thirdsof pet owners do not provide the dental care their veterinarian recommends, according to the AAHA.
- 80%of dogs have some periodontal disease by age three. It is the most commonly diagnosed condition in adult dogs, and most of it sits below the gumline where an owner cannot see it.
- Roughly a quarterof dog owners reported skipping veterinary visits altogether in the year the AVMA last measured it.
This matters for budgeting in an uncomfortable way. The lower figure is what people spend, not what a dog needs. A dental cleaning deferred is often a set of extractions later, which costs several times more and is not preventive care any insurer will cover.
How much of the total is sourced
80% of the $36,847 figure comes from measured prices: veterinary care from a 50-state cost study, and the lifespan it is spread over from a study of 584,734 dogs. The remaining 20%, about $7,518, is an observed market range for the puppy plus retail assumptions for supplies, a training course and boarding. Those are the numbers to adjust if your situation differs: plenty of people never board a dog.
Dental and visit statistics from the AVMA and the AAHA, 2026. Recommended care priced from the 2025-2026 Synchrony/CareCredit procedural cost study. Actual spending from the AVMA 2025 Pet Ownership and Demographic Sourcebook, self-reported by owners.
Insurance for a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Coverage is protection against an uncommon large bill. It is not a way to save money on the care you already know is coming.
The bills it exists for
Documented conditions in this breed where a single episode runs into the thousands. We are not telling you how likely these are, because the prevalence evidence is not strong enough to carry that claim.
- Patellar luxationPer knee.$1,000–$5,000
- Elbow dysplasiaArthroscopic treatment of elbow dysplasia.$3,000–$5,000
- Syringomyelia$1,485–$3,999
- Hip dysplasiaPriced as a femoral head ostectomy, the usual choice for a dog this size.$1,200–$3,500
What the tiers actually buy
Average US premiums for a dog, for the year ended December 2025.
- Accident onlyInjuries, not illness. Cheap because it covers far less.$190 a year
- Accident and illnessThe standard policy and the one most figures refer to. Up 11.5% on last year.$836 a year
- With embedded wellnessAdds routine care. Compare it against what routine care actually costs before assuming it saves money.$1,414 a year
What actually decides whether a claim is paid
Not the breed, and usually not the premium. Carrier terms verified August 2026; they change, and they vary by state.
- Hereditary and congenital conditions are usually covered
- This is the most common misconception about pet insurance. Every major US carrier covers inherited and congenital conditions on a standard accident-and-illness policy, provided they are not pre-existing. Trupanion covers them with no payout limit. Embrace covers them with no per-condition or per-incident limit at no extra cost, and states that its policies fully cover breed-specific conditions. Healthy Paws covers them too. Nationwide makes hereditary and congenital a coverage option you select rather than an automatic inclusion. Cheaper and accident-only policies sometimes exclude them entirely, so it is worth confirming in writing.
- Most pre-existing conditions are excluded
- Anything your dog has shown signs of before coverage began, or during the waiting period, is normally excluded. This, not heredity, is what actually stops most claims being paid. The detail varies more than people expect: several carriers will cover a condition they classify as curable once the dog has been symptom-free and treatment-free for a set period, commonly twelve months, subject to state rules and the policy wording. It is also why enrolling a healthy puppy costs less and excludes less than insuring a dog that already has a history.
- Orthopedic waiting periods vary a lot
- The clearest example of why the carrier matters more than the breed. Healthy Paws applies a 12-month waiting period to anything related to hip dysplasia, and will not cover it at all if the dog was enrolled at six years or older. Trupanion applies its standard 30-day illness waiting period. Some carriers will waive an orthopedic wait after a vet exam. For any breed with joint risk, this single clause can matter more than the premium.
- Standard waiting periods
- Typically 2 to 30 days for illness and 2 to 5 days for accidents. Trupanion is 5 days for injury and 30 for illness. Embrace is 14 days for illness. Nothing that appears during the wait is covered.
- Bilateral condition rule
- If one side of a paired body part was affected before coverage, many carriers exclude the other side too. Relevant for hips, elbows, knees, eyes and ears.
- Age at enrollment
- Premiums rise with age, some carriers cap new enrollment, and some restrict specific conditions for older enrollees. Healthy Paws requires enrollment before the 14th birthday and drops hip dysplasia cover from age six.
Premium range from NAPHIA industry data. Coverage terms from published carrier policies and independent reviews, checked 16 August 2026. We are not an insurance agency, we do not sell policies, and we make no recommendation. Terms vary by carrier and policy, and the exclusions in your own policy govern.
First year breakdown
| Item | What it covers | Cost |
|---|---|---|
| Puppy purchase | Observed market range, not an authoritative source | $2,650 |
| Vaccine series | Three rounds plus rabies | $235 |
| Spay or neuter | Includes anesthesia and monitoring | $471 |
| Supplies | Crate, harness, bedding, bowls | $420 |
| Food | About 1.3 cups daily at maturity, computed from body weight | $379 |
| Grooming | long coat, small dog | $668 |
| Boarding | Eight nights a year at an average rate | $360 |
| Preventatives | Flea, tick, heartworm | $708 |
| Training class | Six week group course | $200 |
| Microchip | One time | $48 |
| First year total | $6,732 | |
Worth knowing
Ask this breeder for certificates on degenerative myelopathy (23% of screened dogs abnormal), hip dysplasia (16% of screened dogs abnormal). Those are the screenings where Cavalier King Charles Spaniels score worst in the OFA registry, so they are the ones worth seeing paperwork for. A breeder who has done the testing will produce it without being pushed; one who has not will talk about how healthy their line is instead.
Feeding an adult
At 16 lb, roughly 484 kcal a day, about 1.3 cups at 380 kcal per cup.
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Compare coverage for a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
Premiums run $190 to $1,414 a year. Routine care of roughly $1,301 a year is not covered by any standard policy, so compare on what happens when something expensive and unexpected occurs.
Cavalier King Charles Spaniel vs other breeds
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The price
Purchase price here is set mostly by demand and by how many breeders are producing health-tested litters, rather than by anything unusual in the whelping itself. Expect $1,800 to $3,500 from a breeder who health tests. That figure is an observed market range rather than a sourced statistic, and it is the least reliable number on this page. Everything after the purchase is more predictable: about $2,708 a year in food, grooming, boarding, routine veterinary care, preventatives and dental.
The build
Small breeds tend to live longer, which is the main reason their lifetime totals are not lower than they look. More years means more routine care, and crowded jaws make dental disease close to inevitable. On hips, 16% of Cavalier King Charles Spaniels submitted to OFA were graded dysplastic, and 2% on elbows. Those are dogs a breeder chose to submit, so the rate across the breed is higher, and a radiographic grade is not the same as a dog that will need surgery. Cardiac screening flags 31% of evaluated dogs as abnormal, which is why a cardiac certificate is worth asking for in this breed.
Common questions
How much does a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel cost?
A Cavalier King Charles Spaniel puppy costs $1,800 to $3,500. The first year totals about $6,732 including vaccines, neutering and supplies, then roughly $2,708 a year after that. Across a median lifespan of 11.8 years that is about $36,847 to own. Health costs sit outside that figure and are listed separately, because the evidence is not strong enough to reduce them to one number.
What health problems do Cavalier King Charles Spaniels have?
The largest measured figure is heart murmur: 36% of owners reported it at some point in the dog's life. We have no treatment-cost source for it yet. Each figure on the page states the population it was measured in, because these are different kinds of measurement and are not interchangeable.
Is pet insurance worth it for a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel?
A standard accident-and-illness policy averaged $836 a year in the latest published industry figures. Held flat, that is about $9,865 across 11.8 years, though real premiums rise with age and vary by carrier, state, deductible and reimbursement level, so treat it as a benchmark rather than a quote. Accident-only cover is cheaper at about $190 a year but pays nothing toward illness, and policies with a wellness rider reach $1,414 while mostly prepaying routine care you would buy anyway. Routine care of about $1,301 a year is not covered by any standard policy. Coverage is protection against an uncommon large bill, not a way to save money on predictable care. What decides whether a claim is paid is usually the policy mechanics rather than the breed: pre-existing conditions, waiting periods and bilateral rules.
Sources
Grade A is a peer-reviewed prevalence figure from a large primary-care population. Grade B needs a conversion or comes from a single market. Grade C and D are weaker and labeled wherever they appear.
- 1VetCompass Cavalier 2015Grade AData 2009-2013Summers JF, O'Neill DG, Church DB, Thomson PC, McGreevy PD, Brodbelt DC. Prevalence of disorders recorded in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology. 2015;3:1.1,749 Cavaliers with clinical notes, UK primary careView source
- 2Synchrony/CareCredit 2026Grade BData 2025-20262025-2026 Synchrony Average Procedural Cost Study for Veterinary Practices Across the United States, conducted by ASQ360 Market Research. Published by CareCredit.All 50 US states and the District of ColumbiaView source
- 3Agria pyometra and mammary tumorsGrade BData 1995-2006Jitpean S, Hagman R, Strom Holst B, Hoglund OV, Pettersson A, Egenvall A. Breed variations in the incidence of pyometra and mammary tumours in Swedish dogs. Reproduction in Domestic Animals 2012;47(Suppl 6):347-350, Table 1.Over 260,000 female dogs insured with Agria in Sweden 1995 to 2006, 110 breeds, followed to 10 years of ageCollected more than 15 years ago. Kept because no newer study of this exists, not because it is current.View source
- 4VetCompass 2014Grade AData 2013O'Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC. Prevalence of disorders recorded in dogs attending primary-care veterinary practices in England. PLOS ONE. 2014;9(3):e90501.148,741 dogs across 93 UK clinics; 3,884 records reviewed in detailView source
- 5Dog Aging Project breeds 2023Grade BData 2019-2022Forsyth KK, McCoy BM, Schmid SM, Promislow DEL, Snyder-Mackler N, the DAP Consortium. Lifetime prevalence of owner-reported medical conditions in the 25 most common dog breeds in the Dog Aging Project pack. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2023;10:1140417.27,541 US companion dogs enrolled in the Dog Aging Project, owner reportedView source
- 6Wallis 2021 periodontalGrade BData 2016-2021Wallis C, Saito EK, Salt C, Holcombe LJ, Desforges NG. Association of periodontal disease with breed size, breed, weight, and age in pure-bred client-owned dogs in the United States. The Veterinary Journal 2021;275:105717.2,841,038 US dogs across 14,746,691 visits over five years at Banfield hospitals, covering 60 breedsView source
- 7OFAGrade CData 1974-2026Orthopedic Foundation for Animals, Disease Statistics by Breed. Cumulative evaluations submitted to the OFA registry.US. Voluntarily submitted screening evaluations, not a random population sampleView source
- 8Orthopedic price guides 2026Grade CData 2026Published US veterinary price guides and specialist clinic fee pages for hip, elbow and patellar surgery, cross-checked across MetLife Pet Insurance, Lemonade, Vety, PetPlanWise, SustainableVet and SurgiPet. Retrieved 16 August 2026.US, general and referral practiceView source
- 9KC survey 2017Grade CData 2014Wiles BM, Llewellyn-Zaidi AM, Evans KM, O'Neill DG, Lewis TW. Large-scale survey to estimate the prevalence of disorders for 192 Kennel Club registered breeds. Canine Genetics and Epidemiology. 2017;4:8.43,005 UK dogs across 192 Kennel Club breeds, owner-reportedView source
- 10VetCompass 2021Grade AData 2016O'Neill DG, James H, Brodbelt DC, Church DB, Pegram C. Prevalence of commonly diagnosed disorders in UK dogs under primary veterinary care: results and applications. BMC Veterinary Research. 2021;17:69.Random sample of 22,333 UK dogs from 784 clinics during 2016View source
- 11McMillan 2024Grade AData 2016-2020McMillan KM, Bielby J, Williams CL, Upjohn MM, Casey RA, Christley RM. Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death. Scientific Reports. 2024;14:531.584,734 UK dogs including 284,734 deceased, across 155 breedsView source
- 12Dog Aging Project HLESGrade BData 2019-2025Dog Aging Project. Curated Data Summary Tables, Health and Life Experience Survey, 2025 release. Retrieved 17 August 2026.52,599 US dogs enrolled in the Dog Aging Project, owner reportedView source
- 13Banfield US life expectancyGrade AData 2013-2019Montoya M, Morrison JA, Arrignon F, Spofford N, Charles H, Hours M-A, Biourge V. Life expectancy tables for dogs and cats derived from clinical data. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 2023;10:1082102.13,292,929 unique dogs at 1,152 Banfield hospitals across the USAView source
- 14AKC 2025 registrationsGrade AData 2025American Kennel Club. Most Popular Dog Breeds of 2025, from AKC registration statistics covering 202 recognized breeds.AKC registration statistics for the 2025 calendar yearView source
- 15Care cost model 2026Grade CData 2026The Breed Report care cost model. Food is computed from the veterinary Resting Energy Requirement, RER = 70 x (kg^0.75), times a 1.6 maintenance factor for a neutered adult, divided by kibble caloric density, priced at 2026 US retail. Grooming and boarding are computed from 2026 US national average prices by body size and coat type. Inputs and assumptions are published in full.Computed per breed from measured weight and coat typeView source
Each figure is shown as the study measured it, with the population beside it. We do not convert one kind of measurement into another. See the full method. Not veterinary advice.